Public Health Care Policy Essay

The bill I have decided to look at is charge H. R. 1983: States’ Medical Marijuana Patient Protection Act. This bill was supported by Barney Frank from Massachusetts. This bill requires a rescheduling of cannabis and to concede each states controlling on its’ clinical use. This bill would change government laws to preclude capture or badgering of patients endorsed pot in any express that the state law permits. There would be negligible expense in actualizing this bill as the government is spending a lot of assets to implement this law just as hold detainees in offices. As of now there is a contention between some state and government laws regarding the matter of clinical maryjane. As per PopVox.com there are at present no associations restricting this bill, while it records a few associations embracing it. Right now the associations underwriting this bill are the National Organization for Reform of Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Policy Project, the Drug Policy Alliance, Americans for Safe Access, Americans For Forfeiture Reform, and WinLiberty. This bill, as I would see it, will influence the medicinal services economy extraordinarily. On the off chance that this bill passes it will, basically, make another medication for the clinical world. As of now, patients that are endorsed maryjane are at risk for getting captured or bothered by the national government whether the patients state laws permit it or not. This bill will offer capacity to the state. In the event that this bill passes, it will carry another medication to the field of clinical medications without the expense of building up the medication. Most new medications that enter the market are protected to offer motivation to pay significant expenses for innovative work, while weed has just been made, investigated, and created. The obstruction to passage will be low as pot is low in cost to develop and is sought after. On the off chance that H.R. 1983 passes, the open living in states that permit clinical pot will be liberated from dread of discipline of the government, which will bring down the â€Å"price† of being endorsed maryjane in permitting states. The interest for maryjane would increment and lead to an expansion in flexibly. It would empower the market to adjust itself to the balance of flexibly and request. Since there is no patent on the medication, boundaries to section would be negligible. With the expense so high to sell and purchase pot for any utilization, different substitutes for cannabis can expand their costs. The interest is high for torment the executives, hunger enhancers, just as tension medication prompting significant expenses for medications, for example, Valium, Vicodin, Lortab, Percocet , and others which cannabis has been demonstrated to be utilized for substitutes. On the off chance that the administration would permit states to lead on the legitimateness of pot, the medication would get simpler to purchase and sell in specific states. This would prompt lower hindrances to passage and cost of selling bringing costs down for all cannabis substitutes. As of now, the central government is falsely keeping down the gracefully of the medication and the purchasers, prompting dead weight reduction. This strategy will permit the individuals who might want to flexibly the medication however don’t need to follow through on the significant expense to enter the market and lower the value that purchasers need to pay to purchase weed. The legislature will likewise set aside cash as of now being spent on implementation of weed control. I accept the legislature is being approached to pass this bill since customers, venders, and the administration profit by this bill being passed; lower costs for each of the three, diminishing dead weight reduction, and expanding pay toward the administration in deals charge. The washouts in this bill might be providers of weed substitutes. They will be compelled to bring down their costs to make up for higher gracefully of their medications substitute. There might be numerous externalities of the sanctioning of cannabis. With cannabis having a lower cost, stogie and cigarette smokers could move to smoking pot rather than tobacco. Fines might be made for driving affected by the medication as we have with liquor. There would be more examination toward pot for the wellbeing dangers and advantages. In view of my examination of this bill, I see more beneficial outcomes than negative. There would no doubt be different externalities that have not been recorded, and there might be different issues of medication control that would need to be executed. As I would like to think, giving the states’ rights to sanction or authorize control is a less expensive increasingly effective approach to deal with the market for cannabis.

Power and Control in Hawk Roosting Essay

Evaluation G In Shakespeare’s play a man called Macbeth murders the lord to get his capacity. Ted Hughes’s sonnet ‘Hawk Roosting’ is about a bird of prey who thinks he is amazing. Evaluation F In _Macbeth_ Shakespeare expounds on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who have an arrangement to slaughter the lord and dominate. â€Å"Hail, King thou shalt be.† Ted Hughes expounds on a bird of prey and how incredible he is: â€Å"My habits are detaching heads.† Evaluation E Shakespeare demonstrates that Lady Macbeth needs to be an incredible character since she needs to slaughter the lord with the goal that Macbeth can turn into the new ruler: ‘You can putt this night’s extraordinary business into my dispatch.† Ted Hughes additionally expounds on power, however from the perspective of a falcon. We realize that the falcon has a high assessment of itself: ‘I execute where I please in light of the fact that it is all mine.’ Evaluation D The topic of intensity/desire is investigated in _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting.’ Shakespeare centers around Lady Macbeth’s relationship with Macbeth. At the point when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches’ prescience that Macbeth will become lord, she incubates an arrangement to get it going. Ted Hughes likewise expounds on aspiration in light of the fact that the falcon in the sonnet needs to be the best: â€Å"Now I hold Creation in my foot.† A contrast between them is that the bird of prey is sure about his own capacity, however Macbeth is tooâ loyal to the lord to have the option to arrive at his desire.: â€Å"We will continue no further around here. He hath respected me of late.† Lady Macbeth is more aspiring than her better half. Evaluation C Ted Hughes’s sonnet ‘ Hawk Roosting’ shows the world as observed from a hawk’s perspective. The bird of prey appears to be extremely decided and ground-breaking. Shakespeare likewise presents the topic of intensity and assurance, yet the thing that matters is that he presents is with a couple who plot to kill the lord and take his crown. The bird of prey likewise has contemplations of homicide: ‘in rest practice immaculate kills’. The word ‘rehearse’ proposes that the bird of prey appreciates slaughtering, and practices to make himself flawless †in any event, when sleeping. This additionally recommends he is glad for himself. Essentially, in _Macbeth_ Lady Macbeth is glad for her goal-oriented nature: ‘O never/Shall sun that morrow see.’ She has dangerous contemplations and she will slaughter the lord that night. Evaluation B _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ both appear to be about force and aspiration. In ‘Hawk Roosting’ the speaker is a falcon who portrays his perspective on the world: ‘The earth’s face upward for my inspection.’ This picture proposes how the bird of prey is extremely sure that the world is there to suit his needs. It is as an announcement, which adds to the sentiments of the hawk’s certainty. Woman Macbeth is additionally amazing toward the start of the play. She needs Macbeth to engage the visitors while she gets ready to slaughter King Duncan. When incubating the arrangement, she says to her better half, ‘Leave all the rest to me’. This suggests she feels that she is more able to perpetrate the wrongdoing than Macbeth. The crowd will consider her to be increasingly goal-oriented now. Evaluation A In spite of the fact that _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ contrast in structure, there are unmistakable connections that can be drawn between them. The two of them concern power and ambitionâ and how a character’s persona is shaped by their self-conviction, and what they are set up to do to accomplish their points. In the two writings we are given an understanding into the characters’ deepest considerations. In ‘Hawk Roosting’, in light of the fact that the sonnet is written in the main individual, as a sensational monolog, we increase an extraordinary understanding into the speaker’s certainty. The bird of prey unmistakably depicts how he feels that the world is there for his ‘convenience’. He egotistically portrays how the ‘air’s buoyancy’ and ‘sun’s ray’ are ‘of advantage’ to him. Additionally, Lady Macbeth at first accepts that the crown is her right, and gives her longing for accomplishing it: ‘Take my milk for nerve, you murd’ring ministers.’ The way that she is approaching spirits to invigorate her the to demonstration suggests that she will remain determined to accomplish her point. A crowd of people may see this as a stunning, insidious and savagely goal-oriented act. Evaluation A* _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ share some shared belief in that they are worried about the unsavory side of intensity and desire. The primary characters in the two writings have all the earmarks of being excessively sure and guaranteed. ‘Hawk Roosting’ is a sensational monolog spoken by a non-human voice, a falcon. We are given a progression of pictures which delineate the hawk’s egotism and pride. For sure. The falcon is overflowing with predominance: ‘It took the entire of Creation/To deliver my foot, my each feather.’ The bird of prey is apparently boasting and getting a kick out of how wonderful it shows up. This can be legitimately contrasted with Lady Macbeth. The manner in which she puts down her better half, alluding to him as ‘afeard’ and ‘a coward’ uncovers her unfeeling aspiration to become sovereign. She, similar to the bird of prey, feels that she has the right to be ‘great’, and needs her significant other to share the force; he calls her ‘My dearest accomplice of greatness.’ Contrasting _MACBETH_ AND _HAWK ROOSTING_ †SAMPLE ANSWERS (THEME = POWER AND AMBITION) 1. Despite the fact that _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ vary in structure, there are unmistakable connections that can be drawn between them. The two of them concern force and desire and how a character’s persona is framed by their self-conviction, and what they are set up to do to accomplish their points. In the two writings we are given an understanding into the characters’ deepest considerations. In ‘Hawk Roosting’, in light of the fact that the sonnet is written in the primary individual, as a sensational monolog, we increase an extraordinary understanding into the speaker’s certainty. The bird of prey obviously depicts how he feels that the world is there for his ‘convenience’. He haughtily portrays how the ‘air’s buoyancy’ and ‘sun’s ray’ are ‘of advantage’ to him. So also, Lady Macbeth at first accepts that the crown is her right, and gives her craving for accomplishing it: ‘Take my milk for nerve, you murd’ring ministers.’ The way that she is approaching spirits to invigorate her the to demonstration suggests that she will persevere relentlessly to accomplish her point. A group of people may see this as a stunning, fiendish and mercilessly yearning act. 2. The subject of intensity/aspiration is investigated in _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting.’ Shakespeare centers around Lady Macbeth’s relationship with Macbeth. At the point when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches’ prescience that Macbeth will become lord, she brings forth an arrangement to get it going. Ted Hughes additionally expounds on desire in light of the fact that the bird of prey in the sonnet needs to be the best: â€Å"Now I hold Creation in my foot.† A distinction between them is that the falcon is certain about his own capacity, however Macbeth is excessively faithful to the lord to have the option to arrive at his aspiration: â€Å"We will continue no further around here. He hath regarded me of late.† Lady Macbeth is more aggressive than her better half. 3. _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ both appear to be about force and desire. In ‘Hawk Roosting’ the speaker is a bird of prey who portrays his perspective on the world: ‘The earth’s face upward for my inspection.’ This picture proposes how the falcon is extremely certain that the world is there to suit his needs. It is as an announcement, which adds to the sentiments of the hawk’s certainty. Woman Macbeth is additionally amazing toward the start of the play. She needs Macbeth to engage the visitors while she plans to murder King Duncan. When incubating the arrangement, she says to her significant other, ‘Leave all the rest to me’. This infers she feels that she is more skilled to perpetrate the wrongdoing than Macbeth. The crowd will consider her to be progressively driven now. 4. Shakespeare demonstrates that Lady Macbeth needs to be a ground-breaking character since she needs to execute the ruler so Macbeth can turn into the new lord: ‘You can putt this night’s incredible business into my dispatch.† Ted Hughes likewise expounds on power, however from the perspective of a bird of prey. We realize that the bird of prey has a high assessment of itself: ‘I slaughter where I please in light of the fact that it is all mine.’ 5. _Macbeth_ and ‘Hawk Roosting’ share some shared conviction in that they are worried about the disagreeable side of intensity and desire. The fundamental characters in the two writings give off an impression of being excessively certain and guaranteed. ‘Hawk Roosting’ is a sensational monolog spoken by a non-human voice, a falcon. We are given a progression of pictures which portray the hawk’s self-importance and pride. Surely. The falcon is overflowing with prevalence: ‘It took the entire of Creation/To deliver my foot, my each feather.’ The bird of prey is apparently boasting and getting a kick out of how wonderful it shows up. This can be legitimately contrasted with Lady Macbeth. The manner in which she disparages her better half, alluding to him as ‘afeard’ and ‘a coward’ uncovers her coldblooded desire to become sovereign. She, similar to the falcon, feels that she has the right to be ‘great’, and needs her better half to share the force; he calls her ‘My dearest accomplice of greatness.’ 6. In _Macbeth_ Shakespeare expounds on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who have an arrangement to slaughter the ruler and dominate. â€Å"Hail, King thou shalt be.† Ted Hughes expounds on a bird of prey and how ground-breaking he is: â€Å"My habits are detaching heads.† 7. In Shakespeare’s play a man called Macbeth murders the ruler to get hisâ power. T

Can You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income

Can You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income Can You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income? Can You Have Bad Credit Even With a Good Income?Yes, you can!  Your credit score doesnt  care about how much money you make, only how much you owe and whether you can pay it back.If you earn a modest income, it’s easy to be envious of the super-wealthy. They travel around the world, eat at Michelin-rated restaurants, and shop for high-end luxury items. They enjoy a lifestyle that’s nothing more than a pipe dream for most of us.But when it comes to credit, your score may be just as highâ€"or higherâ€"than even billionaires Bill Gates and Richard Branson. That’s probably not much consolation, but it is the truth.It may seem like credit scores should increase with your income, but the truth is much more complicated. Read on for a deep dive into what makes up your credit scoreâ€"and why just being wealthy can’t protect you from bad credit.Why Credit Bureaus Don’t Care About Your Income.Despite what many people think, your credit score is completely independent of your income. P eople with $20,000 salaries can have good credit scores, just like those with $200,000 incomes can have poor credit scores.Credit scores only look at one thingâ€"your credit. It doesn’t matter how large your 401k is or how much equity you have in your house. A credit score doesn’t show how much you earn, how stable your job is or how much you save. Though a credit score is a popular financial barometer, it’s not a comprehensive look at your finances. Credit bureaus don’t collect any information about your incomeâ€"only about how you treat any credit you’ve taken on.“The purpose of credit scores is to help assess the risk a person will not pay a debt as agreedâ€"regardless of income,” said Rod Griffin, Director of Public Education for Experian  (@Experian_US).A lender looks at your credit score because it reflects how well you manage your credit obligations. A high credit score means you’re dependable and reliable, and a poor credit score means you’re negligent and irresponsible.Some consumers mistakenly think income is part of their credit score because lenders ask for it on applications and can use it as a reason to deny a line of credit. If you have a good credit score and low income, you might not qualify for a loan because the lender thinks the payments will be too high.If you have bad credit with good income, you can also be denied. According to Griffin, your credit history is typically more important to a potential lender than your income, because the former shows your track record of managing debt.“Understanding the components of your credit report is essential because a strong credit history increases your access to the financial services you need,” he said.How High-Earners End Up With Bad Credit.Because income has no impact on credit, the wealthy are just as likely to have a low credit score as the poor. The rich can miss payments, rely too heavily on credit, and open too many new accounts, all of which will lower their credit sc ore. If you’re a doctor making $300,000 a year and have $1 million in debt, for example, you’ll likely have a poor credit score.On a practical level, it boils down to whether or not your income can support your lifestyle. We’ve all seen examples of lifestyle creepâ€"where you start to scale up your expenses as your income increasesâ€"and the wealthy are no more immune to this. A busy mother of three working in a call center can attain a perfect credit score by diligently paying her bills, just like a superstar basketball player can tank his score with a few purchases he can’t afford.(To read more about how your friends bad spending habits can affect your own, check out our blog post: Is Bad Credit Contagious?)However, wealthy people may also have a bad credit score or no credit because they don’t borrow money. If you can afford to buy your house or car in cash and only use a debit card, you won’t build up a credit history.The fact is, a poor credit history doesn’t real ly matter if you don’t need to borrow money. Many financially independent or early retirees have no credit or poor credit because they only use their debit cards.What Makes Up Your Credit Score.Though the exact algorithm is a secret, FICO uses the following factors to decide your credit score:Payment history: Your history of paying credit bills on time makes up 35 percent of your credit score. This is the most important component and also the easiest to change. If you pay your bills on time every month, your credit score will increase. If you miss payments repeatedly, your credit score will suffer. Switching to auto-pay will guarantee you’re never late again.Amounts owed: How much you owe relative to how much credit you have available to you constitutes 30 percent of your credit score. This is also known as your credit utilization ratio. If you owe $35,000 on your credit cards and have a credit limit of $100,000, you have a credit utilization ratio of 35 percent. Credit bureaus don’t like to see a ratio of more than 30 percent. Anything higher makes them worry that you can’t afford to pay down your balance and that you’re relying too heavily on credit.Length of credit history: How long you’ve had credit only counts for 15 percent of your credit score. The longer you’ve had your accounts, the better. The only way to improve this section is to avoid opening new accounts and keep your oldest accounts active.Type of credit: Lenders like to see a variety of credit accounts on your report, including student loans, auto loans, credit cards, personal loans, and mortgages. You won’t be heavily dinged for not having more than one or two different types of accounts, as this part only makes up 10 percent of your credit score.New credit inquiries: Any time you open or apply for a new line of credit, it shows up on your credit report. New inquiries account for 10 percent of your credit report. The more inquiries you have on your report, the lower your score will be. It takes one year for inquiries to fall off, and if you’re applying for a big loan like a mortgage, it’s best not to have any recent inquiries on your credit report.If you have a solid income and a poor credit score, there are plenty of ways you can increase your score quickly. Go through your credit report and look at any red marks. Are you bad at paying your bills on time? Or is your credit ratio too high?Address each reason you see a negative score and work on improving those areas. You should see a higher credit score in just a few months if you follow the right steps.To learn more about what it takes to improve your credit, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Credit Workbook: The OppLoans Guide to Understanding Your Credit, Credit Report and Credit ScoreHow to Fix Your Bad Credit in 20186 Common Credit Myths Debunked!What else do you want to know about your credit score? Let us know!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twi tter.ContributorsRod Griffin is Director of Public Education forExperian  (Experian_US). He leads Experian’s national consumer education programs and supports the company’s community involvement and corporate responsibility efforts. Rod oversees the company’s financial literacy grant program, which awarded more than $850,000 in 2015 to non-profit programs that help people achieve financial success. He works with consumer advocates, financial educators and others to help consumers increase their ability to understand and manage personal finances and protect themselves from fraud and identity theft.

Salisbury University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Salisbury University is a public university with an acceptance rate of 62%. Founded in 1925, Salisbury is located located in Salisbury, Maryland, about two hours from Baltimore, Washington DC, and Philadelphia. Salisbury undergraduates can choose from 43 bachelors degree programs. Professional fields in business, communications, education, and nursing are among the most popular. The university has a 16-to-1  student / faculty ratio  and an average class size of 25. On the athletic front, the Salisbury University Seagulls compete in the NCAA Division III Empire 8 (football) and Capital Athletic Conferences. Considering applying to Salisbury University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Salisbury University had an acceptance rate of 62%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 62 students were admitted, making Salisburys admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 8,983 Percent Admitted 62% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements Salisbury University has a test-optional admissions policy. Applicants with a weighted GPA of 3.5 or higher on a 4.0 scale are eligible to apply test-optional. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 49% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 575 640 Math 570 640 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of  Salisbury Universitys admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Salisbury scored between 575 and 640, while 25% scored below 575 and 25% scored above 640. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 570 and 640, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 640. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1280 or higher is competitive for Salisbury University. Requirements Salisbury University does not require SAT scores for admission for students with an average weighted GPA of 3.5 and above. For students who choose to submit scores, note that Salisbury participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Salisbury does not require the essay section of the SAT. ACT Scores and Requirements Salisbury has a test-optional admissions policy. Applicants with a weighted GPA of 3.5 or higher on a 4.0 scale are eligible to apply test-optional. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 25% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 20 25 Math 18 25 Composite 20 25 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Salisbury Universitys admitted students fall within the  top 48% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Salisbury received a composite ACT score between 20 and 25, while 25% scored above 25 and 25% scored below 20. Requirements Note that Salisbury does not require ACT scores for admission for students with a weighted average GPA of 3.5 and above. For students who choose to submit scores, Salisbury does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Salisbury University does not require the optional ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Salisbury Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.7, and 45% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Salisbury University have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Salisbury University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. f. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Salisbury University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Salisbury University, which accepts over half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. However, Salisbury also has a  holistic admissions  process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on more than numbers. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Salisburys average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent students who were admitted to Salisbury University. Most had SAT scores of 1050 or higher (ERWM), an ACT composite of 20  or higher, and a high school average of a B or higher. Grades and test scores above these lower ranges will improve your chances, and you can see that many admitted students had grades in the A range. If You Like Salisbury University, You May Also Like These Schools West Virginia UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityGeorge Mason UniversityTemple UniversityDrexel UniversityUniversity of DelawareJames Madison UniversityEast Carolina University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Salisbury University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Technology Is The World Keep Changing - 1104 Words

Introduction Technology is said to be usage of knowledge of various tools, techniques and other sequence of mathematical coded electronic instruction by man to fabricate a model to solving problems or to improve upon preexisting ones. Also, one may just say it is an application in which human apply to solving problems. As the world keep changing, so do technology. Today technology has inspired a lot of change into the way we do things or relate to certain problems. We will all agree that, we cannot talk about technology without mentioning inventions. Most importantly, it is an undeniable fact that, all the sophisticated gadget we see around were invented through the application of science and technology. Some of these gadgets such as cell phones, computers, tablets, etc. have indeed made life so easy to operate and also help in creating non existing jobs. Burkhardt, M. E., Brass, D. J. (1990) states that, â€Å"the computer system offered distributed processing capabilities, including file edi ting, data-base management, statistical analysis, spreadsheet analysis, and word processing to all employees. Prior to the introduction of distributive processing capabilities, an external computing facility was accessed for computer analysis of research data for all employees†. Technological advancement and innovation has enhanced the definition of progress. Technology and Social change Since the introduction of computers, the world has experience a tremendous change and it isShow MoreRelatedEffects of Technology Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 091-040 4 December 2012 Effects of Technology in our world I. 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Decision Analysis Study Guide Scheduling Free Essays

this is the best study guide I could find. Just match the questions with the answers for the study guide. Chapter 15: Multiple Choice Questions 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Analysis Study Guide Scheduling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which of the following is true regarding forward scheduling? Forward scheduling is the scheduling of a. the end items or finished products b. jobs as soon as the requirements are known c. the start items or component parts d. the final operation first beginning with the due date Which of the following best describes how short-term schedules are prepared? Short-term schedules are prepared a. directly from the aggregate plans b. directly from the capacity plans c. rom inventory records for items that have been used up d. from master schedules which are derived from aggregate plans Which scheduling technique should be employed when due dates are important for a job order? a. forward scheduling b. loading c. dispatching d. backward scheduling e. master scheduling Which of the following is not an effectiveness criterion for scheduling? a. maximizing flow time b. minimizing completion time c. minimizing WIP inventory d. maximizing utilization Forward scheduling a. begins with a delivery d ate, then each operation is offset one at a time, in reverse order b. s well suited where the supplier is usually able to meet precise delivery dates c. tends to minimize in-process inventory d. assumes that procurement of material and operations start as soon as requirements are known Which file contains important information regarding an item’s flow through the shop? a. routing file b. work center master file c. control files d. item master file Which of these is not part of the planning files of a production planning and control system? a. a progress file b. a work center master file c. an item master file d. a routing file Which of the following files tracks work order progress? . work center master files b. routing files c. item master files d. control files 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The production database containing information about each of the components that a firm produces or purchases is the a. routing file b. work center master file c. control file d. item master f ile The short-term scheduling activity called loading a. assigns dates to specific jobs or operations steps b. specifies the order in which jobs should be done at each center c. assigns jobs to work centers d. assigns workers to jobs The assignment method is a. a method to highlight overloads in a given work center b. computerized method of determining appropriate tasks for an operation c. a form of linear programming for optimally assigning tasks or jobs to resources d. the same thing as the Gantt schedule chart A scheduling technique used to achieve optimum, one-to-one matching of tasks and resources is a. the assignment method b. Johnson’s rule c. the CDS Algorithm d. the appointment method Which of the following is an aid used to monitor jobs in process? a. a Gantt load chart b. the assignment method c. a Gantt schedule chart d. Johnson’s Rule If an assignment problem consists of 6 workers and 7 projects, a. ne worker will not get a project assignment b. one worker will be assigned two projects c. each worker will contribute work toward the seventh project d. one project will not get a worker assigned Orders are processed in the sequence in which they arrive if (the) ______ rule sequences the jobs. a. earliest due date b. slack time remaining c. first come, first serve d. critical ratio 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Which of the following dispatching rules ordinarily gives the best results when the criterion is lowest time for completion of the full sequence of jobs? a. shortest processing time (SPT) b. critical ratio (CR) c. irst in, first out (FIFO) d. first come, first serve (FCFS) 17. Sequencing (or dispatching) a. assigns dates to specific jobs or operations steps b. assigns jobs to work centers c. specifies the order in which jobs should be done at each center d. assigns workers to jobs 18. Five jobs (A, B, C, D, E) are waiting to be processed. Their processing times and due dates are given below. Using the shortest processing time dispat ching rule, in which order should the jobs be processed? Job A B C D E a. b. c. d. Processing Time (days) 4 7 8 3 5 A, B, C, D, E C, E, A, D, B B, D, A, E, C D, A, E, B, C Job due date (days) 7 4 11 5 8 9. Five jobs are waiting to be processed. Their processing times and due dates are given below. Using the earliest due date dispatching rule, in which order should the jobs be processed? Job A B C D E a. b. c. d. Processing Time (days) 4 2 8 3 5 C, E, A, D, B A, B, C, D, E B, D, A, E, C C, B, A, E, D Job due date (days) 7 4 11 5 8 20. Flow time represents the time a. an order spends waiting for processing at a work center b. an order spends being processed at a work center c. an order spends moving from one work center to another d. o complete an order, including time spent in processing and in waiting Which of the following dispatching rules tends to minimize job flow time? a. FCFS: first come, first served b. SPT: shortest processing time c. EDD: earliest due date d. LPT: longest p rocessing time Average completion time for a schedule sequence at a work center is total a. processing time divided by the number of jobs b. flow time divided by total processing time c. flow time divided by the number of jobs d. processing time plus total late time divided by number of jobs Five welding jobs are waiting to be processed. Their processing times and due dates are given below. Using the critical ratio dispatching rule, in which order should the jobs be processed? 21. 22. 23. Job A B C D E a. b. c. d. 24. Processing Time (days) 4 2 8 3 5 B, D, A, E, C C, D, A, B, E C, E, A, D, B E, B, A, D, C Job due date (days) 7 4 11 5 11 Which of the following dispatching rules allows easy updates? a. FCFS: first come, first served b. SPT: shortest processing time c. EDD: earliest due date d. CR: critical ratio The priority rule which processes jobs according to the smallest ratio of due date to processing time is: a. ritical ratio b. earliest due date c. first come, first serve d. longest processing time Which of the following is an advantage of the FCFS dispatching rule when used in services? a. FCFS seems fair to customers b. FCFS minimizes the average number of jobs in the system c. FCFS minimizes the average lateness of all jobs d. FCFS maximizes the number of jobs completed on time The most appropriate sequencin g rule to use if the goal is to dynamically track the progress of jobs and establish relative priority on a common basis is a. shortest processing time b. earliest due date c. critical ratio d. Johnson’s rule Use of the sequencing rule Shortest Processing Time generally results in a. minimum average lateness b. maximum utilization c. maximum effectiveness d. minimum average flow time When a set of jobs must pass through two workstations whose sequence is fixed, ______ is the rule most commonly applied. a. Johnson’s Rule b. earliest due date rule c. first come, first serve rule d. slack time remaining A recent advance in short-term scheduling that makes use of expert systems and simulation in solving dynamic scheduling problems is a. forward scheduling b. backward scheduling c. infinite scheduling 5. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. d. finite scheduling 31. Which of the following techniques does not contribute to increasing throughput at a bottleneck? a. schedule throughput to match capacity of the bottleneck b. increase capacity of constraint c. have cross-trained employees available to operate the constraint d. develop alternate routings An appliance manufacturer assemble s icemakers in large batches. The operations manager would like to significantly reduce the batch size. What would you suggest? a. use the SPT rule b. use forward scheduling c. use finite scheduling d. develop level material use schedules 33. A firm wants to develop a level material use schedule based on the following data. What should be the setup cost? desired lot size: 60 annual demand: 40,000 holding cost: $20 per unit per year daily production rate: 320 # of work days per year: 250 a. b. c. d. 34. $0. 45 $4. 50 $45 $450 32. Factory X is trying to use level use scheduling. If their first target were to cut the current lot size in half, by what proportion must setup cost change? a. Setup cost must be cut to one-fourth its current value. b. Setup cost must also be cut in half from its current value. c. Setup cost must double from its current value. . Cannot be determined. Which of the following is true regarding services scheduling? a. The Critical Ratio sequencing rule is widely used for fairness to customers. b. The emphasis is on staffing levels, not materials. c. Reservation systems are often used a means of manipulating the supply of services. d. Labor use can be intensive, and labor demand is usually stable. c d c a c d c d b c b d 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. a a c d a d a d a a b 35. Chapter 15: Multiple Choice Answers 13. 1. b 14. 2. d 15. 3. d 16. 4. a 17. 5. d 18. 6. a 19. 7. a 20. 8. d 21. 9. d 22. 10. c 23. 11. c 24. 12. a How to cite Decision Analysis Study Guide Scheduling, Papers

College Essay Example For Students

College Essay As I thought of this article, many of the issues I have faced as a single Hmong woman in her mid-twenties came to mind. Should I discuss the functional reasons why marriage is so important in the Hmong culture, especially for women? Or do I talk about the lack of eligible, older Hmong men? Better yet, should I complain about the attempts by my relatives to find me a good husband as if it were an unfortunate circumstance that I was single instead of a conscious choice? Thinking it over, though, I decided that all those questions boiled down to one fundamental truth the Hmong community is still trying to learn how to treat the increasing number of Hmong women who, like me, are making the choice to stay single in their mid-twenties. Today, single Hmong women in their mid-twenties are living on their own, sometimes in different cities, earning their own income, and making decisions independent of both their parents and clans. However, in a community where marriage defines the moment an individual becomes an adult, these successes still have not allowed them to be treated or perceived as adults by the family and clan. Furthermore, in a culture where a womans role continues to be defined by the dominant male in her life either her father or her husband the independence of Hmong women in their mid-twenties has led to a displacement of traditional roles.My sister coined the term Christmas Tree Age when someone told her that in order to be able to find a good husband, a Hmong woman needed to be no older than twenty-five years old. Just like a Christmas Tree which is discarded after the 25th of December, the Hmong community seems to disregard women older than twenty-five as in-eligible marriage material. At twenty-five years of age, Ive attained many of the goals I set for myself as a young girl, starting a successful career in Corporate America, gaining financial freedom and traveling the globe. Yet, to many of my relatives, it seems my life is still lacking the most critical ingredient a husband. While in college, my single status seemed more acceptable. However, as I have continued to focus on my career instead of a husband and as I have reached the magic twenty-five, the choice to remain single has become an increasing concern for my family. Their comments have sometimes been subtle and other times overt, sometimes mentioning available young men they have come across and other times joking about expectations from my yet-unknown husband. Occasionally, their comments are outright statements about how I should stop waiting and marry as soon as possible. I must admit that there are moments when I, too, am concerned about my prospects for a good husband. After all, I have seen numerous friends marry, have children and lead fulfilling lives. I have had relatives caution me against waiting too long and I understand that even though I am surrounded by the American culture and ideas, I am still Hmong. I was raised, as are all Hmong girls, knowing that marriage is a part of my future. With the pressure from my family and clan, it would be easy to believe that I am letting any opportunities for a good marriage past me by. But I know I am not. In those moments when I am concerned about my state of single-hood, I am calmed by some key things. First, I know what I want, not just in a husband but also the type of life I want to lead. I know that Im not just looking for a husband, but Im looking for a partner in life, either within or outside of the community, who is as willing to be as committed to my goals as I am to his. Im comforted by the fact that I am not alone. Today, there are more and more Hmong women who are making the decision to stay single through their mid-twenties to do other great things with their lives. Simply knowing that they, too, continue to pursue the goals they have set for themselves also gives me the strength to know that, although my decisions are different from most women in our community, they are not extraordinary. Finally, I am emboldened by the fact that I love my life. I love the freedom I have to travel and see the world. I love the freedom to go out late and have fun with my friends. I love the freedom I have to stretch the boundaries that exist around me. .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .postImageUrl , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:hover , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:visited , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:active { border:0!important; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:active , .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3068232e399e06af19658fae3cc540e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: MODERN HISTORY ASSESSMENT TASK #1 EssayAlthough no one can ever know what path their life would have taken if different decisions had been made, I know that I have never regretted mine to delay marriage. I continue to be thankful every night for the opportunities that have opened up to me as a result of my decision to stay single longer and remind myself that it is only resisting the cultural norms around me that makes this decision hard. I will likely marry some day, just not today. And when I do marry, I know that my marriage will be on my own terms, and not those of the society or my clan.

Big Bang or Creationism essays

Big Bang or Creationism essays Our Universe: Big Bang or Creationism Talking about our universe as a whole brings up a great question that theologians and scientist have been debating for years. So much so that it has involved boards of education and trials in court. Was God the creator of the universe as many of us are taught in Sunday school? After all it does say in the Book of Genesis that God created the Earth and the Heavens in six days and rested on the seventh. Or did the universe just happen as a chance occurrence as the Big Bang suggest? Scientist Stephen Hawking suggests that the origins of the universe always has been and continues to be a chicken-and-egg question (Hawking, 2002). In a nutshell, Hawking notes, what agency created the universe (Hawking 2002)? By the same token, what created that agency (Hawking 2002)? Hawkins also notes that; . . . in the last few years, it has emerged that the Laws of Science may hold even at the beginning of the universe. In that case, the universe could be self contained and determined complet ely by the Laws of Science (Hawking 2002). The problem with this is Christians who whole-heartedly follow what is written in the Bible believe the total opposite. This one sided type of thinking is nothing new however. The origins of the universe have been debated for years and continue to be debated today. The debate has been an either-or situation; either God was the Creator of the universe or he was not (Sluder, 2002). Either the universe was a spontaneous creation or it was not (Sluder, 2002). Trying to clear those two questions never easy. Trying to give a direct dictionary definition of creationism is a little more complex than it seems. First we have to start by saying that the belief in the creation of the universe as the Bible tells it is literally true. Creationism can then be considered a belief based solely up ...

Scientific Definition of a Laser

Scientific Definition of a Laser A laser is a device which is built on the principles of quantum mechanics to create a beam of light where all of the photons are in a coherent state - usually with the same frequency and phase. (Most light sources emit incoherent light, where the phase varies randomly.) Among the other effects, this means that the light from a laser is often tightly focused and does not diverge much, resulting in the traditional laser beam. How a Laser Works In simplest terms, a laser uses light to stimulate the electrons in a gain medium into an excited state (called optical pumping). When the electrons collapse into the lower-energy unexcited state, they emit photons. These photons pass between two mirrors, so there are more and more photons exciting the gain medium, amplifying the intensity of the beam. A narrow hole in one of the mirrors allows a small amount of the light to escape (i.e. the laser beam itself). Who Developed the Laser This process is based on work by Albert Einstein in 1917 and many others. Physicists Charles H. Townes, Nicolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov received the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics for their development of the earliest laser prototypes. Alfred Kastler received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 1950 description of optical pumping. On May 16, 1960, Theodore Maiman demonstrated the first working laser. Other Types of Laser The light of a laser does not need to be in the visible spectrum but can be any sort of electromagnetic radiation. A maser, for example, is a type of laser that emits microwave radiation instead of visible light. (The maser was actually developed before the more general laser. For a while, the visible laser was actually called an optical maser, but that usage has fallen well out of common usage.) Similar methods have been used to create devices, such as an atomic laser, which emit other types of particles in coherent states. To Lase? There is also a verb form of laser, to lase, which means to produce laser light or to apply laser light to. Also Known As: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, maser, optical maser

Biography of Shakespear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biography of Shakespear - Essay Example Shakespeare did not continue the education up to the university level. He had started writing plays from the early teenage and with the money he made, he bought the New Place at the age of 15. In 1582, Shakespeare got married to a 26 years old Anne Hathaway when he himself was only 18. They lived in Stratford after marrying. William left his family for some 20 years in order to work in London. In 1609, he visited his family. William was granted the coat of arms despite he lacked proof. William Shakespeare wrote a number of plays that include but are not limited to Macbeth, Hamlet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, King Lear and The Tempest. Many of his novels were made plays of. His works are excellent pieces of literature combined with art. Shakespeare’s plays make a necessary part of English Literature in the contemporary schools. They are deemed essential to inculcate accurate literary sense and taste for literature in the

Surrogacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Surrogacy - Essay Example s regard, Eva kittay’s cognitive disability, Carol Levine’ s recipients-care gives relations, Martha Nussbaum, Jeff MacMahan and Peter Singer’s attributes in the description of meaning and significance of surrogacy in relation to cognitive disabilities is worth understanding. Conversely, based on their ideas generated, ethical issues, virtues, and the best surrogate practice is defined though in a different version (Christiano & Christman, 2009). On a broad analysis, Eva Kittay describes cognitive disability in relation to surrogacy descriptive meaning and significance as a growing awareness that incorporates moral status and the theories of justice directly to address the mental disabled individuals and their caregiver related issues. Ketay supports his stance in favor of Carol Levine’s caregiver and recipients’ relationship to demonstrate the meaning and significance of surrogacy in healthcare systems. For instance, Ketay advocates for health practitioners to act with surrogacy in handling the mentally challenged individual such as respecting their rights as human beings (Kittay & Carlson, 2010). However,Levine supports Kettay’s argument but with a different version expressing the best health care practice that legal guardians for the cognitively disabled individuals should be given a mandate to such as signing treatment consent before treatment. Similarly, the same approach was used by Bruce Jenningsà ¢â‚¬â„¢ capacity preservation and restoration of communication and personal identity kind of assistance for dementia patients by the community and family members (Levine, 2013). Comparative Martha Nussbaum bases her argument on a distributive justice of social contractive theory pointing out the importance of caring for the cognitively disabled individuals in making performed choices. For example, Nussbaum supports the importance of surrogacy by building a form of human dignity for the exceptionalities within the education systems in ensuring inclusive

How Do Biometrics Affect Privacy?

How Do Biometrics Affect Privacy? Introduction The research question for this essay is going to be how Biometrics affects Privacy. This particular question is chosen because in the increasing number of biometrics systems that are emerging, which has increased the risk of invading privacy. The issue that is going to be discussed in this paper is that how increasing biometrics technology has raised concerns in relation to the protection of individual privacy and has the government took biometric technology a step too far in invading privacy. This issue is important because as more and more biometric technology comes into use, the protection of privacy is going to be taken away and individuals have a right to keep certain information about themselves anonymous and have the right to be left alone. The argument is that how can the government collect biometrics of individuals without having too much information, and unnecessary information. Businesses and organisations that hold information about their employees and other individuals, surely must be concerning on how safe the information is and how the business uses this information for the right reasons. Context Biometrics is being used more frequently in everyday life, they are used for verification as after 9/11 security has been tightened and more checks on people are being undertaken. More checks mean that more information is needed about individuals including biometric information, this leads to a whole new topic of should organisation should be allowed to collect biometric data? Is this not a step too far? All this talk about biometrics being used in various places, but what is biometrics? Biometrics is the collection of personal data such as fingerprints, iris, retina, voice, hand geometry etc. All these characteristics are stored on a centralised database where they can identify people who are criminals. This type of technology is used mostly everywhere now with the aim to cut down on crime. Biometrics are being used more by organisations and governments, because biometrics is accurate discrimination between individuals, Over the years, Biometric Technology has been considered as a measure of the highest security method. The primary reason for the use of biometric technology is to cut down on criminal activities, as Dr Ann Cavoukian says in the journal Privacy and Biometrics, that finger prints are used by the police to identify criminals. This, some would say is a encouraging move in order to prevent criminal activities, but on the other hand some would raise the question that, is biometric technology a step too far in invading individuals privacy?. The increasing use of Biometrics has raised concerns regarding individual privacy, as Prabhakar says in the journal Biometric Recognition: Security and Privacy Concerns Those who desire to remain anonymous in any particular situation could be denied their privacy by biometric recognition. Individuals have the right to protect their privacy and have control of what information others should have about them, in the paper Privacy and or as Freedom, Gos Hose in, says individuals must be allowed to choose what information is made available about themselves, and under which circumstances. Biometrics however, does not allow individuals to have an option on what information may be stored, as the databases have individuals, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris and also voice, many major companies have individuals personal details, but knowing that your personal features are stored away on a database can be somewhat of a concern. These concerns are all valid, as all this information can be hacked, or even leaked. Billy Hawkes, Data Protection Commissioner of Ireland said that Personal information might be shared with third parties, with or without a persons knowledge. There are always high risks, when personal information is stored of many millions of individuals, the main issue that concerns many people is that how safe is this information. Biometrics is used as a source of identification and verification by the police against criminals. Fingerprints are the most common use for indentifying criminals and the use of fingerprints date back to 1879, where a French policeman named Alphonse Bertillon suggested that people could be precisely identified by carefully measuring different parts of the body, but apart from fingerprints other types of biometrics are also used such as retina, iris and voice prints. All this information put together can create a personal profile of individual. The more extensive use of biometrics has caused privacy issues where there are organisations holding vast amount of data about individuals that may not be needed, in which case people should have control on what information is being stored and for what reason. People do not have a say on what information can be stored or not, there should be a law that individuals should have a right and a say on what information can be stored. Organisations ha ving this information about people, suggests that there is someone always keeping an eye on people and tracking their every move. This brings in the topic of big Brother. In the UK there up as many as 4.2million CCTV cameras, thats equivalent one camera per 14 individuals, which mean that each person in the country is caught on camera an average of 300 times daily. This statistics show that people in UK are being caught on CCTV up to 300 times a day, this affects individuals privacy in a huge manner, as the images captured on CCTV, they are stored on a database where the police can use the images to solve crimes. But the question here is should the capturing of images and storing them on databases be allowed? Most privacy advocates would be against this but people are who are for more security and crack down on crime wouldnt therefore mind these databases storing images. The increase in modern technology these days allows biometrics to uniquely indentify individuals. The ability of biometrics technology to do this has raised concerns regarding privacy even more than before. More and more biometrics is being used in everyday life, for example biometrics are use in school, colleges and organisations. By the use of biometrics in this way, individuals are likely to be monitored more and more. Biometrics affects privacy in a huge way, that it has made people and privacy advocates wonder that is there such thing as privacy in the modern day, with all the new technology evolving. The question many people are asking is that, can biometrics be used in such a way that it doesnt affect individuals privacy? Ann Cavoukian suggested that for authentication, there is no need to store biometrics on a centralised database; the individuals can be giving a card, which has a template of their biometrics stored on the card and it is on the hands on the individual, A template could be stored on a card, in possession of the individual, thereby putting the control over access in the hand of the data subject. This will reduce the threat of invasion in privacy considerably, since more biometrics data will be in the hands of the individuals and the thought of having that personal information about them with them, will make the public feel safer. Identity cards are due to be introduced in the UK either in 2011 or 2012. These cards will contain 2 fingerprints and a photo which will be encoded on a chip which will be on the cards itself. This method will be regarded as being safer by the public, as they will have their own biometrics with themselves and the information that is in the databases will be the same as the information that is stored on the chip. This will determine that only minimum information is known to other people. There are also drawbacks to this practise, as the identity card can be lost or stolen, which means that the persons biometrics are in the hands of someone else. Heathrow airport has launched the use of fingerprint recognition, when terminal 5 was opened back in 2008. This will be used to make sure that the right passengers are boarding the flight as well as being photographed. Is all this really necessary? For years airports have used passports for verification, so what is the need to use biometrics, collect personal information and invade people privacy. David Millward and Gordan Rayner said in the Telegraph that gathering personal information will make innocent people feel like criminals. Launching fingerprint recognition systems at airports is by all means breaching all rights to privacy for individual people. The fact of passengers being photographed when entering the airport and storing the images on their database in wrong, because passengers may not give permission for their photo being taken and storing them on the database. There is always a risk of these images and biometric information getting in the hands of the wrong people. There is always going to be that threat of privacy being invaded by various organisations and everyday activities. After all these threats to individuals privacy and personal information, where does this leave privacy in respect to individuals? Well, many people would say that all these organisations and government having personal information and also storing biometrics, leads to the individuals having no sort of privacy what so ever. In the paper Privacy and or as Freedom written by hoesin gus, there is a quote from William Pitt saying There are many other ways of defining privacy. In an early form, as me moved towards modern democratic systems of governance, privacy was considered as a protection from invasion. Privacy has come a long way over the years and still it continues to increase in terms of individual privacy. As the years have gone on privacy has got out of hand, in terms of what information should organisations and governments have about individuals. There is some inform ation that should be kept with the individual. Should organisations be allowed the have as much information as they wish? Or only information that they require? Information regarding individuals can be potentially dangerous because that information can be passed on to the wrong hands which can lead to identity theft. Biometric Technology has come a long way in terms of authentication and recognition, the question is that is are these systems safe. To build biometric systems the design of it has to be very good and a very safe system. Some say that biometrics is neither good nor bad for privacy, its how the public view privacy, and some people would be in favour of biometrics systems and some people would be against biometrics. According to Timothy Pilgrim, Biometric technologies are not inherently good or bad for privacy. They become good or bad for privacy depending on how they are designed, developed and deployed. Timothy Pilgrim suggests that biometrics is neither good nor bad for privacy, because it depends on how these systems are used and what people make of it. Biometrics has always been a subject of controversy, on how will it be used and how the information will be stored. The opinion on biometrics seems to be divided according to Pilgrim. The use of biometrics is bring piloted in the UK in the form of Identity cards. These identity cards will be handed out to every individual who live in the UK. These ID cards will have a chip on them that will hold personal information also including biometrics of that person. This is a good way of keeping biometric information safe, as this card will be in the possession of the individuals so they can keep their personal information safe. But the drawback is that if that card gets lost, or stolen then others will have your information. Are ID cards a step in the right direction in terms of biometrics? Well its a start, as the individuals will have their own information with them, as in the past that has not been an option. This ID card is said to be similar in look to a UK driving licence but holds more data, including two fingerprints and a photograph encoded on a chip Privacy is a sensitive subject over many years and the introduction of biometrics has not helped the case. Collecting biometric information has caused a lot of controversy in the world. Is it right to collect people biometric information and store it without their permission? Most people would say no and would protest about the fact that the governments and organisations are carrying out this activity. In 2001 at a superbowl game in Florida, they used facial recognition biometrics to identify known criminals and terrorists. This action has been introduced after the September 9, 2001 attacks. After that the biometric industry has been booming according to Privacy Today: A Review of Current (2002). Conclusion Biometrics is used all over the world now, from airport security to verification for an employer in an organisation. Biometrics is a part of life that is going to continue. Collecting personal information of individuals could not get any worse. Individuals have a right to protect their privacy, which include documents and their biometrics. As technology increases, biometrics will play a major part in authentication and identification. But collecting all this information and using biometrics for the above reason causes serious privacy issues. The individuals data is in the hands of someone else and there is always a risk of that information getting leaked and falling in to the wrong hands. There are a lot of disadvantages in using biometric technology, a lot of things have to be considered when using fingerprint and face recognition. Using these techniques can invade individuals personal space and collecting too much personal information about individuals is not respecting their priva cy. Biometrics has come a long way in terms of security and will continue to expand and used more around the world. All these biometrics being used, what can be done to protect individuals? How can information about individuals be more protected, this is a area which people need to think about, personal information about individuals should be kept with them and shouldnt be shared within organisations. So what does this mean for biometrics and privacy? Well the use of biometrics is going to increase, and is going to be used is most public places, how can organisations keep a balance between using and collecting personal information and respecting peoples privacy. In this article the topic of privacy has been discussed, and how biometrics is invading individuals personal space, by collecting personal information about them. To conclude, biometrics has its advantages, by catching known criminals and cutting down on terrorism, but at the cost of all this is to invade people privacy and personal space.

Is Death of a Salesman A Modern Tragedy? Essay

In â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, the main character Willy Loman is epitome of a tragic hero as he is surrounded by various elements of tragedy. These Elements strip him of his dignity as he struggles to clinch his rightful position in the world. Arthur Miller uses corrupted society, a bad view of success, and delusional dreams, to create a path to Willy’s downfall. Willy’s destruction is calamitous, and did not have to happen. He had many opportunities to live a good life that he just failed to grasp, and he would get lost in a moment of joy. The intercity of this tragedy comes from the actual viewing of these failed attempts in finding happiness and a good life. One of the main forces that destroyed Willy Loman, is Willy Loman himself. Despite all other elements of tragedy in the story, Willy ultimately destroys himself, as his tragic flow slowly kills his existence. Willy enormously cogitates the concept that connections, and linked pasts can provide him with the future, as he as a salesman desires. Willy’s perception of what he could be, or should be, contradicts what he actually is. He sees himself as a success. However, we see Willy as a tired old salesman with a vintage view of society. Willy’s entire identity is tied up with an image of what a salesman should be. One of the most important causes of Willy’s suffering is the great villain of most modern writing in the realist vein – Society. Willy Loman is constantly trying to find the key to progressing into a genuine success, but the society prohibits his discovery. He suffers from the obsession of how he is observed by other people, and he blames his lack of victory, and a diversity of shallow personal traits like his weight: â€Å"I’m fat†¦.a salesman I know, as I was going to see a buyer, I heard him say something about walrus.† The fact that people do not take him seriously: â€Å"I know it, when I walk in, they seem to laugh at me.† His wardrobe: â€Å"I know I got to overcome it. I am not dressing to advantage maybe. The control of the amount of talking he does: â€Å"I don’t k now why – I can’t stop my self – I talk too much. A man ought to come in a few words. One thing about Charley, he is a man of a few words, and they respect him. † He uses all those excuses to explain his failure. In all reality, much of his failure results from his inability to recognise he world for what it really is – the professional world no longer dependant on contacts, or smooth talking, but focuses on specially skilled knowledgeable citizens. Willy Loman is a dreamer caught in a society ruled by machinery, rivalry, and the standard of getting ahead at any cost. In Willy’s early years as a salesman, success could be achieved by personality, kindness, and honesty alone. In a later years of his career, a salesman’s success comes to all those who are equipped with training and specialty. This is what Willy claims. Because Willy does not recognise these changes in terms of success, and it is at loss for those qualities, he is doomed to a failure in a world that demands such qualities. For his customers he struggles to be jovial yet dignifi ed salesman. For his sons he tries to be the firm, yet indulgent and protective father. For his wife, he wishes to be ever dependable breadwinner. He feels that in order to make success, he must be responsive to the demands of others, and make a good impression. He longs to be not just liked, but well liked, and he thinks this is a key to success in America. He longs to be like Ben, his brother, who has a life story that consists of: â€Å"I walked into the jungle, I was seventeen. When I walked out I was twenty-one. And by God, I was rich.† Willy looks up to Ben a lot, but this might be another one of his illusions, which he has created in his head. We never find that out. One of the saddest aspects of this play is even as we know Willy’s view of success is twisted, and distorted. Willy feels betrayed because he can not achieve the goals society has set for him. We see that especially in his younger years. Willy has never been able to achieve these goals and become successful. Linda tells us this as she reveals: â€Å"I don’t say he is a great man. Willy has never made a lot of money. His name was never in the papers. He is not the finest character that ever lived†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A small man can just be as exhausted as a great man. Willy simply does not realise that personality and friendship are not enough to become who he dreams. This is evident as he is fired by his boss, and receives the information with disbelief: â€Å"I was just fired†¦.Imagine that†¦.I named him. Willy convinces Biff that anyone confident enough, gorgeous, and born leader, such as Biff himself has the right to set the rules in life. Willy is convinced th at he is famous because of his career. He talks of going to New England on a summer trip and explains to his boys that: â€Å"they know me up and down in new England. I have friends. I can park my car in any street in New England, and the cops protect it like their own.† When he refers to his yet to come funeral, he proudly insists: â€Å"That funeral will be massive. They’ll come from Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire. All the old timers with the strange licence plates – that boy will be struck. He has never realised – I am known.† The truth is that nobody showed up for his funeral, but his family and two friends. Willy even gets caught in a delusion of forming his own business one day: â€Å"Someday, I’ll have my own business, and I’ll never have to leave home any more.† For a disillusioned salesman in his sixties who can hardly complete simple tasks such as driving the mile down the road, this dream is on a brink of impossible. Willy refuses to realise that his sons are not all he has envisaged. Even as Biff tries to tell his father that he has failed miserably at an interview with Bill Oliver, Willy refuses to believe him, and even conjures up on imaginary lunch date to finalise Biff’s â€Å"success.† Eventually it is Biff who develops a keen understanding of his father, and urges Willy to drop the dreams which are holding him back, and threatening to destroy his life as he cries: â€Å"Willy you take that phoney dream, and burn it before something happens!† Willy is broken by what is false within him. He has been betrayed by the dreams that he invented for himself, but can not achieve. Every dream he has ever made for himself seems to have been pulled out from underneath him, leaving him floored and desperate. He longs for something to hold on to in life. He longs for something to make his life worth living. Willy spends much of his life dreaming, and though he brings much of his terror on himself by his dreams, a piercing sympathy rips through one’s heart as he completely lets go of life. After his death, Charley attempts to justify Willy’s constant and unrealistic dreaming by remarking â€Å"Nobody dast blame this man. You don’t understand: Willy was a salesman. A salesman is got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory† In the end, Willy’s tragedy lies as much in the bringing down of his dreams as in the bringing down of the man. In some curious way, his dreams just might have been the best part of the man. Willy’s other son, Happy, determines to make his fathers dreams come true one way or the other as he boldly states that â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have – to come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him†. There is a bit of truth to this statement: Willy Loman did not die in vain – not completely anyway. Even though Willy was truly ready to lay down his own life, his death is seen as a triumphant revenge upon the dreams that have broken him. On his funeral, those who loved Willy, take a moment to pay a tribute to him. Biff proclaims the mistakenness of Willy’s ambitions. Having learned from his fathers sacrifice, he decides to head west again. Happy, as feeling in duty to his father, will stay behind in the hope of licking the system on its own terms. Charley rhapsodises the meaning and value that survives the defeat; and Linda utters the simple human grief of one who, without thought, loved. Linda is traumatized by Willy’s death. His suicide has baffled her; She cannot understand why he ended his own life. Just as Willy, she has struggled in life as she continuously attempted to keep the family together with what little money Willy brought home. She spends much time and effort adding up bills, encouraging Willy to ask for a â€Å"well-deserved† raise, and overall making ends meet. She has finally managed to pay off the house payments as the play draws to a close. â€Å"Help me, Willy, I can’t cry. It seems to me that you’re just on another trip. I keep expecting you. Willy, dear, I can’t cry. Why did you do it? I search and search and I can’t understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear. And there’ll be nobody home. We’re free and clear. We’re free. We’re free†¦ We’re free†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . It seems that Linda, like the reader, understands that Willy’s disintegration did not have to happen. She realizes that the downfall has been tragic, just as Willy’s life. She knows that the joy and the promise of the right way of life were there for Willy, and she knows that he just missed it. But, despite the grieving done by his family, Willy finally achieves one of his numerous dreams as he is remembered, loved, and a guide for people. Though Willy’s life was a life of frustrated hopes and unfulfilled dreams, it is why we revere this tragedy in the highest. Tragedy is the most accurately balanced portrayal of the human being in his struggle for happiness, and that is why tragedies truly portray us. And that is why tragedy must not be diminished: It is the most perfect means we have of showing us who and what we are. As we watch Willy struggle for himself throughout this tragedy, we come to understand what we must strive to become.

Gift Giving in Japan

Anthrop 525 Term Paper Yi Min Yeng ( Leon ) Katherine Rupp began the study of Japan and Japanese when she was an undergraduate at Princeton University as noted in the Acknowledge portion of the book, Gift-Giving in Japan: Cash, Connections. Cosmologies. After that she had her graduated training in the University of Chicago funded by the National Science Foundation and the University itself, including one year of support from the Committee on Japanese Studies. Before the writing of this book, Katherine Rupp took twenty months of field work In Japan which is funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education.She finally completed the manuscript of Gift-Giving in Japan as a postdoctoral associate of the Council on East Asian Studies at Yale University in the Anthropology Department (Rupp 2003). Much like Mauss, Katherine Rupp is interested in the cultural effect of the gift giving and exchanges in Japan. She too believes that there is a social and cosmic order, much like Marcel Mauss’s total social phenomenon that it influences people but is also shape by the individuals. She focuses on the content of gift giving considers historical changes in gift exchange practice and differences in giving among groups.Like Mauss, provokes thought on our own practices of exchange, gift and otherwise (Citation). She spent eighteen months of intensive scientific field works in Tokyo metropolitan area and also short term research on other parts of Japan by interviewing experts such as authors of gift giving books, Buddhists and Shinto priests, departmental and funeral home employees, workers and different classes of families. All these because she seeks to understand multiple questions such as â€Å"Why do people give as much, as often, and in the particular ways that they do? Why do some people reject giving and receiving?How do attitudes towards practice of giving relate to considerations of age, class, gender, geographic area, occupation, and religion? †¦ In What ways ca n these study of gifts in Japan contribute to the field of gifts and exchange in anthropology? † (Rupp 2003:2). Other than that, she conducted observational studies on festivals, election rallies, house building ritual and other kinds of ceremonies with gift giving integrated in it. Besides using comparative methods, the use of statistic is also incorporated such as recording the amount and value of gift received and purchased on different events.She believes that the recent anthropological attention of the strong contrast between commodities and gifts are not distinctively unrelated but are interconnected (Rupp 2003:182). The Gift Giving in Japan can be separated into six chapters. The book first emphasized the importance of gift giving in various ways such as pointing out reasons and giving the enormous examples of gift giving. People in Japan feel obligated and burdened when they receives gifts, some even avoid visiting their hometown or decide not to enclose the informatio n to people when they do.Gift giving on the other hand is very crucial to the macroeconomic level as well as departmental stores earn most of their profits during ceremonial festivals throughout the years such as ‘gosekku’ the five seasonal celebrations, new year, Christmas eve and Valentine’s day (Rupp 2003:2,119). Rupp too focused on examples of gift giving such as wedding gifts and returns sent to Mrs. Ueda, Mr. Hoshino’s house building ceremonial gift and returns, Mr. Ishiyasama’s father’s funeral gifts and returns, Mr. Tanabe declination of gifts and lastly gift categorizing of â€Å"meaningless† gifts, travel gifts, and seasonal gifts from Mrs.Inoue. All these examples raise questions of relationships, the level of gratitude, and the influence of class between giving and receiving that will be explained on further chapters (Rupp 2003:33). Second chapter focus on the question raised previously with the emphasize in strength of rel ationship, gratitude and hierarchy. The value of the gift varies with the strength of the relationship. At times of celebration, those who bring enormous gifts are usually close friends or relatives and those who hardly brought anything are superficial friends or unfamiliar relatives most of the time.For example during the house building ceremony people that are Mr. Hoshino’s true friends gave more than his superficial friends. And that those who gave a higher value of gift in order to create stronger relationship can be precarious as sometimes it can distant one from the receiver causing a backfire (Rupp 2003:36). Secondly, gift value can increase enormously as a form of gratitude to show appreciation for the receiver. For example, Mr. Hoshino received a large sum of money during his house building ceremony from his cousin because his wife had been taking care of his mum (Rupp 2003:41).Lastly, the social class of a person can influence the value of gifts. A person with a hig her hierarchy is obligated to give a higher value of gift compared to a lower one. On the other hand, they are also able to receive higher value of gifts as well. During Mrs Ueda’s son’s wedding, his superior in the company who made the decision to hire him gave them a gift worth a hundred thousand yen which is compared to be higher than average, yet he received three hundred thousand yen in return as a form of gratitude also because of his superior ranking.In order to understand and interpret the meaning of gifts it is crucial to understand the three main factors which are relationship, gratitude and hierarchies that influence the value of gift giving (Rupp 2003:50). Gifts are not only given in considering of value, as not all items with high values symbolize auspiciousness for certain events. Gift giving practices are implemented during life and seasonal cycle practices and are considered highly important.These rites of passages vary in places and modern cities such as Tokyo considers these practices burdensome, old fashioned and irrelevant where else people in Warabi observed these practices for generations (Rupp 2003: 53). There are three important life cycles which are birth, marriage and death which all three will be given bowls of rice packed into a mound sphere shape symbolizing total consumption and breaking of relationship and it was considered inauspicious not to do it. For the birth of a child, it meant it means separation from the world of the dead.A woman consumes bowls of rice symbolizing separation from her side of family and lastly the dead is separated from the live world when a bowl of rice is given to the deceased. But as time passes, history changes and most of the people do not implement some of these traditions and nor do they consider as inauspicious as before. Life cycle events are divided into happy and sad occasions. During happy occasion such as birth and marriage, bills should be new and shiny while facing up in an el aborately decorated envelope where else sad occasion such as death, bills given should be old and crumbled while facing down in another kind of envelope.Also, certain colors and method of tying a knot are used in happy and sad occasion with different meanings. For example, black or white ‘musubikiri’ knots which are knots that cannot be undone are used for funerals and red, white or gold butterfly knots are used for marriage. Returned gifts too are carefully considered as it is inappropriate to return inauspicious gifts as different items symbolize different meanings (Rupp 2003: 59). Besides life cycles, most gifts in Japan are given in related to seasonal cycles with yearend and midyear gifts with the highest percentage also there are festivals such as ‘bon’, ‘Gosekku’, ‘Higan’.Throughout the history, traditions in festivals have changed especially when the Meiji government changed most of the ritual to the worship of Shinto God i n order to bolster State Shinto and the emperor’s position (Rupp 2003:123). The book then describes the auspicious decorates people put up for each traditional festivals such as the zigzag white flags during New Years and Carp banners during ‘Gosekku’ festival, and people send auspicious gifts such as long noodles during the New Year which symbolize one life’s will extend like the long noodles (Rupp 2003:117).Other than that, gifts will be offered to the dead on ‘bon’ festival in the form of gratitude. Relatives will visit their families and company employees will visit their superiors during New Year and they will be given auspicious gifts or snacks such as the two rounded rice cakes similar to the rounded bowl rice thus reinforcing the hierarchy of their relationships (Rupp 2003: 122). Besides traditional seasonal festivals, Japan do celebrate Western holidays such as Christmas Eve, Valentine’s day, Father’s day and Mother†™s day. Christmas Eve is quite unique in Japan as it is strongly associated with romance.Heart shape decorations with bells will be decorated in the streets and young men are willing to pay over one hundred thousand yen for a date during Christmas Eve. Even though men think Valentine’s Day chocolate gift as absurd but at the same they would be secretly delighted if received. Yet these western festivals still requires return gifts similar to the traditional festivals. Interestingly enough, unlike traditional festiavals which benefits men more than women, western festivals are the only festivals that it is women who have the upper hand (Rupp 2003: 144-154).The practice of gift giving has variations of attitudes and it â€Å"vary according to regions, occupations, education, class, family background, gender, religion, and personality† (Rupp 2003:155). For example, most funerals in Warabi region returns a fixed value of gift yet funerals in Tokyo returns records each rec eived gift and returns the half value of it after forty nine days. Also, most people studied in Warabi region did receive higher education in the middle or lower class. They are straight forward and do not concern with politeness and will assume people from Tokyo are calculative concerned with ranking.Other than that, it is an assumed social fact that women have perfect knowledge in gift giving and that they are responsible for the gift giving between their husbands or other households as well. If a women who was from another region married to a men in Tokyo and do not know the region’s practices, she would be sanctioned yet people would not fault the husband which could have told her. By giving gifts from women on behalf of their husband, it â€Å"softens† the gifts and saves face for men as it is unusual for men to offer gifts to the people who are superior over them (Rupp 2003:159-161).Thus this type of gift giving system reinforced the hierarchy of men and women an d the subordination of women below men. Besides hierarchy between men and women there are practices between other subordinates and superior such as tenant and landlord, patient and doctors. People send gifts to their land lord or doctors as a form of gratitude even though there is a contract between them which the tenant or patient has already fulfilled. Interestingly enough even though hospitals forbidden gifts for doctors, patients still send cash gift certificates from high ranked departmental stores to the doctors’ house.It seems to be a bad custom according to Mrs. Inoue, yet everyone abides by it and they do not consider it as a bribe (Rupp 2003: 164). Even with people like Mr. Tanabe who declined a valuable live shrimp gift from his customer as he felt burdened are uncomfortable of calling these practices bribery (Rupp 2003: 166). Due to these norms, there is a rising of abuse of the system and forming an example of forced giving by doctors throughout Japan. There are cases that if no valued gifts are given to the doctors as a form of â€Å"gratitude†, the quality of the patient’s care will decrease dramatically.In the conclusion of the book, Rupp emphasizes that the Western concept of gift and market cannot be in the same realm and should not be applied in Japanese culture. Rupp uses Mauss’s theory of reaching back into history to seek explanation and highlight that Western culture have once been like Japanese culture which when gifts are not separated from the realm of buying and selling (Rupp 2003: 181). Japan is a place that challenges the stereotype of Western capitalist societies which are characterized almost exclusively by the commodity form with the circulation of independent transaction as alienable objects.Rupp brought up multiple reviews on Japan’s gift giving practices and evaluates those who critics it as irrelevant and misleading. Japan is a major capitalist society, yet gifts and commodities are not two different realms but entangled together. In Japan, calculation of value on an item might not always be related to the economic realm compared to the Western societies. She concludes that the practice of gift giving in Japan is not so much in relation to an individual level as it is the shaping and solidification of the social order, which then influences the individuals. Notes for review:On gift giving guan xi : purpose of Gift giving is shifting from its original meaning. Nowadays coporate gift givings are mainly aimed for illicit payments, corruption and pursuit of self interest instead of the building of ‘guan xi’ which means relationship or even providing social solidarity in macro levels. Understanding gift giving in japan page 20 the practice of gift exchange encompasses a wide range of social and cultural implications. Many purposes are served, such as fulfilling a sense of obligation to return a favor, reciprocating a favor, cultivating rapport, and enhancing a willingness to share sad and happy occasions.When the Japanese practice gift giving, they always have some reason why they wish to give a gift to another. A gift without reason is not acceptable For example, when one company in Japan wishes to do business with another company in Japan, a salesperson from the first company will visit the prospective client company and take a small gift, perhaps sweets or candy valued 1,000 yen The ‘Social Death' of Unused Gifts:  Surplus and Value in Contemporary Japan page 396 it is the sentimental value we attribute to things we have had a long-term relationship with that keeps us from disposing of them.However, my ? eldwork suggests that in Japan the propensity for not throwing things away is more affected by a feeling of duty than emotional attachment. The duty people felt towards objects is grounded in an awareness of the interrelatedness of human and nonhuman entities. In other words, things offer their service to people who, in return , should be thankful and treat objects respectfully Many people receive excessive quantities of these gifts because of the overall increase in af? ence since the economic growth of the 1970s that has led to an acceleration of the scale of the Japanese gift economy. Because the surplus of value embodied in unused gifts can only be recouped through sociality (Henderson, 2004), many tried to re-circulate their ‘unused goods’ through intimate, personal networks. These data thus question accounts that depict Japan as an hierarchical, formal society primarily grounded in ritualized gift exchange. GIFTS BRIBES AND GUAN XI page 399 Clearly guanxi can be used for instrumental purposes, and this usage is recog- nized by members of the society.However, it is referred to as the art of guanxi, be- cause the style of exchange and the appropriateness of the performance are critical to its effectiveness. The style and manner of gift exchange is not optional; rather, it is fundamental t o its operation. Although a relationship may be cultivated with in- strumental goals foremost in mind, the forms must be followed if the goals are to be achieved. The relationship must be presented as primary and the exchanges, useful though they may be, treated as only secondary.If, instead, it becomes apparent that the relationship involves only material interest and is characterized by direct and immediate payment, the exchange is classified as one of bribery Gifts, bribes and solicitions: page 522 In traditional Chinese society, relationships, quanxi, are moderated and balanced by renqing, obligations of reciprocity (Hwang, 1987). A patient receiving service from a doctor may feel obligated by renqing to reciprocate with an informal payment or gift. Alternatively, patients who desire new or continuing care from a doctor may give a gift or payment as a way of ‘‘seeking relationship’’ (Lyckholm, 1998).The rules of renqing dictate that if the keeper of a r esource accepts a petitioner’s gift, he or she now has an obligation to provide a service (Hwang, 1987). The implementation of Taiwan’s system of national health insurance (NHI) in 1995, and the introduction of concepts of consumer rights into Taiwanese culture, created tension with the tradition of informal payments (Ensor & Savelyeva, 1998). The premises of NHI—that the health care system had an a priori obligation to provide care and that doctors’ fees would be set and paid by a third party—stood in sharp contrast to the premises of renqing.This study examines how the meaning of informal payments (red envelopes), as an integral part of the doctor–patient relationship, evolved during the process of healthcare reform in Taiwan. The red envelopes discussed in this paper differ from traditional gift-giving. ‘Red envelopes,’ in the context of the doctor–patient relationship, imply the transfer of money or valuables from pat ients to doctors in return for an enhanced or improved medical encounter Dagang Write gift giving and mauss idea Good field world Then say about bribery Then conclude bribery is not same with gift giving. Why Conclusion